Document Type : Review article
Authors
1
Department of Theology Education, Farhangian University, Tehran, Iran
2
Department of Chemistry Education, Farhangian University, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
Background and Objective: The teachings of the Holy Qur’an and the sayings of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) have emphasized the importance of knowledge and learning since the early days of Islam. Initially, Muslim scholars focused on religious sciences such as jurisprudence, Qur’anic exegesis, and theology. However, with the expansion and consolidation of the Islamic state, Muslims realized the necessity of developing instrumental sciences required for governance, defense, and civil administration. This growing need led to increasing attention toward the disciplines such as chemistry. Materials and Methods: This study employed a qualitative, library-based research design, using a wide range of secondary sources including historical and scientific books, international academic journal articles, Persian scholarly publications, and reputable online databases. The data were analyzed through analytical, interpretive, and thematic approaches. Findings: The practical needs of the early Muslim community—such as writing and preserving the Qur’an and producing defensive equipment—stimulated the growth of instrumental sciences, including chemistry. Guided by religious teachings, Muslims developed an integrated perspective that united science and faith. This approach led to significant contributions in experimental methods, the invention of laboratory apparatus, the identification of new chemical compounds, and the establishment of analytical techniques. The invention of the alembic and advances in chemical experimentation are among their remarkable achievements. Conclusion. In Islamic thought, science and religion are seen as complementary manifestations of a single truth, both originating from God. This worldview encouraged Muslims to pursue both conceptual and empirical sciences with equal devotion. As pioneers of experimental chemistry, Muslim scientists not only discovered substances such as alcohol and designed innovative instruments but also laid the groundwork for the later European scientific revolution.
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